THE MOS MAIORUM

Imperial service guarantees citizenship! 
Would you like to know more?

"The Mos Maiorum is a living document. It's not just where we're coming from, but where we're going."
         -Tobias Deloricus Desponius,
           Proconsul and Duke of Legion II

Mos Maiorum PDF  

"For who is there so worthless and lazy that he would not wish to know how and under what kind of government the Romans have brought under their sole rule almost the whole of the inhabited world in less than fifty-three years; for nothing like this has ever happened before. Or who can be so devoted to any other subject of study that he would regard it as more important than the acquisition of this knowledge?"

-Polybius (I,I,5-6)

Literal translation: "the ways of our ancestors." Rome's great empire was founded on the adherence to old traditions that originally ensured her rise to dominance over her neighbors. This catch-all phrase encompassed a great many things about ancient Roman culture. Rome's religion, martial traditions, government, law, etc. The Mos Maiorum was the way things were done in Rome, the sense of what a Roman perceived as fitting and proper. As such, it is the most fitting and proper title for our society's guidelines and structure. The Mos Maiorum transcends actual law. It represents and encompasses our traditions and policies. Our laws are included herein, and are a part of the Mos Maiorum. The Mos Maiorum is anything written or unwritten, anything stated or implied about what Rome is. Rome's greatness is owed directly to our adherence to the Mos Maiorum.

GUIDELINES AND STRUCTURE
FOR OUR SOCIETY OF THE SENATE AND THE PEOPLE OF ROME

COPYRIGHT 1996 - 2004
All opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) alone. All pictures and other material were obtained through approved channels or from the public domain and are not intended to infringe any copyrights. This document may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the express written permission of Sean M. Richey, representing the "Senate and People of Rome."

TABLET OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
      GETTING STARTED: THE ROMAN ROAD
      ROMAN CITIZENSHIP
           Soldiers
           Civilians
           Associates
      ON THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD ROMAN CITIZEN
      CLOTHING
      SACRAMENTUM

ROMAN MILITARY
  BATTLE SCHEDVLES, ATTENDANCE,
  AND ACTIVE STATVS
  WEAPONRY
  LEGIONS
  RANK STRUCTURE
       Officer Ranks
       Legion Commanders
  MILITARY AWARDS
 
 

Do you want to BE a Roman Gladiator? Legionary? Centurion? General? Senator? We've been living your dream for years!

Roman might was made legendary by the valor of her glorious Legions. Sandaled feet marched to the clash of arms through a river of blood. The Legions carved out Rome’s expanding dominion through battle and butchery, from Britain to Egypt. From a patchwork of conquests, the diverse nations and cultures of three continents were transformed into one world, one Empire!

Do you ever wish you could have made history, earning glory in Rome wars? Now's your chance to do it! The Legions still expand the Empire's dominions every weekend. We share a fascination with history and get to enjoy it as a fast-paced, action packed sport! The Washington, D.C. Metropolitan area boasts a wide variety of medieval combat organizations, including Dagorhir, the SCA, and Markland. Rome has enjoyed participation in local medievalist combat circuits since 1987, and we welcome you to join our fun. If this sounds like your kind of fun, Rome wants you!

Historic Romans understood how to conquer and reign. Using the principles of war that established the Roman Empire as supreme, we have duplicated their success. We are always recruiting, building new Legions to share our peerless glory. We offer numerous advantages to people who share our interest. We will train you to use competitive combat techniques. We will help you construct armor and weapons that will help ensure your superiority on the fields of battle. You'll enjoy the exhilaration of experiencing a safe medieval combat simulation with a winning team.  In return, Rome expects your regular participation as a combatant at our events, and your devoted adherence to our high standards of honor, sportsmanship, and loyalty. 

Rome is about fun and teamwork, using organization to achieve success. We've achieved national fame and glory in the Dagorhir Battle Game Association and in the Society for Creative Anachronism. Romans strive to be the best of friends, and the most challenging of opponents. We don’t believe in having "enemies," being of the opinion that all "medievalists" share a common interest that should unite us. But friendly competition has its place on the battlefield, where glory is earned. Whether your interests lie in joining us as a citizen of Rome, fighting with us at Ragnarok or Pennsic, or even fighting against us in the medievalist societies we recommend, please contact us. We welcome all who share our interest in the glory and majesty that was (and is) Rome.

Ave Legions of Rome!

GETTING STARTED: THE ROMAN ROAD

Becoming a Roman may seem overwhelming to the uninitiated. However, while nothing truly great is ever easy, it is not that hard to get started out on the Roman road. And as we all know, all roads lead to Rome.

Rome is first and foremost a military organization. We focus on medieval style, full-contact mock combat. An individual does not really need that much to get started. The minimum requirements are:

• A red tunic with a belt (see Clothing)

• A short sword (see Weaponry)

• A desire to be a Roman!

• Attendance at a Roman event (see the Schedule on this site for Roman events)

It may seem overwhelming to join us at a battle with 100 people on the field or a war with 3,000 people on the field.  Practices are a great, low-key way to meet Rome and learn to do what Rome does best, fight!

Rome conducts practices each week, weather providing. Most of our membership range from Northern Virginia to Baltimore, so we are spread far enough to warrant multiple practices. A local practice will include people within a 30 minute driving distance.

Practices are usually in the evening, on a weeknight and last for 2-3 hours. Garb (costuming) and armor are not worn or used at practices. Loaner weapons are available for newcomers, and veterans will be there to train you and show you how to get equipped. Check the website under Schedule for practice times and locations.

Starting out is easy, and we’ll help you along the way. This rest of this document details what is expected from every Roman. We have all lived up to those expectations for years. Many of us strive to surpass them. That’s what that sets us apart and makes us great. We act together for the dream of our great Roman State.  Romans live the dream and we invite you to share that dream with us. There is truly nothing better.

ROMAN CITIZENSHIP

So, you want to be a Roman? While various requirements are detailed throughout this book, they are consolidated them here for easy reference.

 A Roman Citizen will:

1. Camp with Rome's Legions at Wars we attend.

2. Receive a hard copy of the Mos Maiorum and all subsequent updates;

3. Receive our periodical, detailing Roman-related events and highlights, war registration information, and recognition of the efforts and contributions of citizens throughout the empire;

4. Receive reasonable assistance, guidance and/or reference materials constructing weapons, armor, and equipment, or in finding local medieval combat societies, Roman reenactment groups, and live-action role-playing games;

5. Have their character identity and social status documented as a member of the People of Rome, and a citizen of the Roman Empire.

6. Have the offer of citizenship extended to them by the Imperator of Rome. This supersedes all other requirements. 

 SOLDIERS (MILITARY CITIZEN)

To enlist in our glorious Roman Legions as a soldier, you must: 

1. Fight with Rome at any battles or Wars we attend;

2. Fill out the Roman Citizen Data Sheet provided to you at your first event;

3. Attend at least six months of battles as a Petitioning Auxiliary (see Auxiliary) or at least two full Wars;

4. Take and follow the military oath (see Sacramentum);

5. Agree to and sign the Roman Contract of Citizenship;

6. Own and wear a red tunic (see Clothing);

7. Paint the Roman shield symbol on your shield if/when you have one;

8. Understand and adhere to the laws set down by the Senate and People of Rome (see Lex Romana);

9. Find a Legion Commander willing to accept you into his Legion.

Roman military service is a long-term commitment. Rome has a lot to offer a new recruit. Rome is the best unit you will ever have the privilege to join. But understand that your wish to join must be more for Rome's greater glory than for your own. Referring to the first martial law of the Lex Romana: Rome will not be taken advantage of.

CIVILIANS(CIVILIAN CITIZEN)

To become a private civilian of the Roman Empire, you must: 

1. Fill out the Roman Citizen Data Sheet provided to you at your first event;

2. Understand and adhere to the civil laws set down by the Senate and People of Rome (see Lex Romana);

3.  Own a Roman costume and wear it at any events you attend in your non-combatant capacity (see Clothing);

4. Take and follow the military oath (see Sacramentum).

 Civilians have no need for, or access to, Roman military secrets. Neither are they bound by Roman martial laws. Our focus is obviously military, but civilians contribute significantly to Rome and will earn recognition for their contributions.

Civilians may not hold elected office, Rome is a military state. However, they may be appointed by a magistrate or serve on a committee.

ASSOCIATES

We've often met fighters with Roman personas and armor at Pennsic and other wars we attend. You are welcome to fight with us on a temporary basis. The more the merrier! We only require that you adhere to our standards of honor and sportsmanship while fighting in our ranks. We all want to be part of something greater, and what could be greater than Rome?

ON THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD CITIZEN

We get asked quite often which are the qualities that Rome looks for in a petitioning auxiliary. This is understandable, given that Rome always boasts several new and petitioning citizens. Rome does not accept, or want, everyone. This is not to intimidate potential new citizens. It is designed to protect Rome by ensuring Roman superiority. The following pages should be helpful in defining those desirable characteristics.

Let me begin by explaining the process. You tell a Roman that you wish to petition for citizenship, that you want to join Rome. Generally this person will be a Legion Commander or Dominus. Word of your intentions will be spread among all Officers, and you will be watched. This process is one we regard as sacred, though we deal with it very informally amongst ourselves. Each petitioner is a separate case. It is the responsibility of your Legion Commander to screen you first. To some extent, you have passed their test by the fact of your presence. If you embarrass them on the field, chances are they won't even bring you back. After several events, I will ask each Officer his opinion on your merits, both good and bad. We have an expression among ourselves, that someone either is or is not "Roman material." Based on the Commanders' statements (which will have NO political basis) and Dominus' own opinions, a judgment will be made based on what is best for Rome. This no doubt will eventually infuriate someone who is trying to assemble a Legion. Numbers are beneficial if used well, but numbers alone mean nothing. Rome has defeated as much as four times our number. Your auxiliary status will last at least six months (or the duration of two wars depending on the judgment of the Imperator). This is not intended to discourage you. This allows Rome's Officers ample time to review and assess your worth. I shall go on to explain those characteristics that define Roman material.

First and foremost: Loyalty. Loyalty to Rome, loyalty to the Imperator, loyalty to your Legion Commander. The bottom line is can you be trusted? If not, we’re wasting each other’s time. Roman greatness is based on sacrifice. The sacrifice of some free will for the betterment of the group as a whole. This is a major facet of the loyalty that is an ultimate prerequisite expected of every citizen, petitioning or otherwise.

Secondly: Dedication. You must ask of yourself, "Am I in this for the long haul?" I'll be asking it of you. Are you going to come out and fight regularly for at least a year or two? If not, you're a waste of time. We want you out at least once a month. There are lots of old Romans who, because of the many responsibilities that tend to weigh us down increasingly with age, are unable to attend more than a few times a year. This is all right. They've put in their time, and Rome has benefited greatly over the years because of their efforts. Rome expects the same participation from you, at least initially. There are a lot of rewards, granted, and as a citizen you're entitled to your full share of armor, training, experience, and glory. But you must be worth it. Along with dedication is your adaptability and willingness to go with the army. If Rome can only expect your support in a single organization, fight with us as a long-term auxiliary. Each medieval society at best represents one third of our campaigning. Don't be a peasant afraid of journeying too far from home. Lastly, understand this: your agreement to join Rome is a permanent one. Not for one year or two years, but forever. Every time you step on to a battlefield for the remainder of your life, you are a Roman. (It eludes me why anyone should wish to be otherwise.) The Roman Empire is not a fad or temporary phenomenon. In various forms it has existed for over ten years. I always emphasize this with all the gravity I can muster: do NOT make this decision lightly.

Thirdly: Attitude. This is an abstract that is difficult to describe, but we all have a feeling for it and it is an important consideration. Do you fit in? Are you a natural fighter and conqueror, or a geek who just doesn't want to lose? Do you want to be a Roman? We want winners, not whiners. We are all sick of the people who want to be part of the best unit in medievalism, but don't want to follow any of the tenants we set down or integrate themselves as a Roman. "I don't wanna wear a red tunic", "You can't tell me what to do", "Dominus is a jerk", "I wanna fight Florentine", "I'm a skirmisher, I don't wanna fight on the line", "Harn doesn't like me." WHY are you even here? The answers to these questions are: "You will", "We can", "I'm not", "You can't", "You will", and "No, he probably doesn't." Do you think that Rome is great by accident? No, it is by calculated design that Rome is great. If you think you can do better I welcome you to try. If your presence among us weakens us, we don't want you. The only exceptions to this are raw, green recruits who have never fought. You are an investment in the future of the Roman Empire. In fact, your personal fighting ability is barely a consideration beyond what rank you will begin as when/if you are enfranchised as a citizen. It is your potential that concerns us. If you are not a good fighter when you enlist, you will be. Attitude is far more important. We want people who will contribute and not detract from the group. We want people who want to win, but will not break the rules in order to do so. We want people who will put Rome's best interests ahead of their own medievalist career. We want people who will preserve and protect our image, honor, reputation, and dignity by the way they deal with outsiders and present themselves internally and externally. We want people who will take the time and energy into bettering and equipping themselves. The Roman way. Why be an exception to the very things that make us great?

Fourthly, and this is tied directly to the third: Intent. I will ask you WHY you want to join. Perhaps I should not give this one away, but the biggest danger sign is when the response is, "For the armor?" "Let's see how you do over the next six months," will be my likeliest response. Rome's assistance, as stated in the sacred lex Romana Martial Law number I, is not based on altruism. Your greatness makes Rome great. You should be joining as much for Rome as for yourself. If you don't want to follow ALL of Rome's laws and guidelines, fight with us as an auxiliary forever. That's fine. If you leave, or start your own country, there is no violation, no betrayal. We're still happy friends. If things don't work out, return at your leisure. You won't enjoy the benefits of citizenship, but there is nothing worse than being an ex-citizen. Status as a Roman auxiliary still puts you far ahead of the rabble, and you get to fight with Rome rather than against. It's a happy alternative. Think about it. If this is your choice, we'll completely respect your honesty and your decision.

Lastly: have you read the Mos Maiorum? Do you even know what you are agreeing to? If not, ask me for a copy. I never leave home without it. If you haven't gone over it in detail, you have NO business agreeing to join. It outlines the very basis of our entire organization and the policies that define us. If you don't fully understand what Rome is about, how can you know whether you will enjoy yourself as a citizen of Rome? And if you don't enjoy yourself, how can we know that you will stay? Your petitioning period is as much an opportunity for you to try Rome out as it is for us to assess your worthiness. You may retract your petition at any time with no hard feelings.

It must be emphasized that your agreement to join Rome is between you and the Imperator, Senate, and People of Rome. Not your character, not your medieval persona, but YOU agree to join! The military oath, or Sacramentum, applies to you personally. Roman citizenship is bestowed along with Rome's trust in you. If you foreswear your oath or betray Rome's trust, you invite harsh penalties for your actions. Joining Rome is PERMANENT. We will welcome you, help you, include you, and give you many opportunities to prove yourself. But consider your decision carefully. Further, Rome does not recognize such fantasy organization conventions as multiple characters. Your rank and status are YOURS, regardless of the character your portray on a given day.

Rome is growing at a drastic rate. Being the best affords us the luxury of being able to pick and choose, and we must be careful if we are to ensure lasting Roman domination. But we do want you to be a Roman if it is what you truly want. To truly want it, and to adhere to the guidelines and standards we set, is what it really takes. Ask yourself honestly. Most people, if honest, would hesitate to enter into such a binding commitment. In fact I tend to distrust those who make the decision with alarming ease. Rome transcends friendship. Rome is peerless. Rome is eternal. Rome is a dream built on battle and butchery, on victories and triumphs. Being a Roman means learning to be a soldier rather than a mere warrior. Being a Roman means being a professional rather than an amateur. Being a Roman means tying your fate forever to Rome's. Many feel such "limitations" a heavy and inescapable burden. If you feel this way, you are not Roman material. But for the truly dedicated classical/medieval combat enthusiast, Rome is the best decision you will ever make.

-Allaricus Xirinius Dominus Imperator
Commentaries III, December 10, 1995
In the Consulship of Amroth Valerius Baculus and Tobias Deloricus Desponius

CLOTHING

"The clothes make the man." This cliché is probably as old as Rome herself. However, in medieval combat it is all too true. People equate superior costuming with veteran status. And not only does having a good costume make you appear more formidable, but it also makes the unit altogether more impressive. Nothing is more imposing than the truly awesome spectacle of several Legions maneuvering in unison, clad in red tunics and steel. This image itself goes a long way towards defeating our enemies psychologically. Anyone participating with Rome must have a costume by their third battle or they will not be allowed to fight with us.

The bare minimum costuming required of a Roman or petitioning auxiliary is a red wool or cotton tunic (to be worn over any under tunics). Some other costume requirements/restrictions are based on social status or rank.  Wearing a red tunic helps ensure that your fellow Romans can recognize you by your apparel at a glance. Romans in combat tend to be inordinately paranoid. Many are our auxiliaries and raw legionaries who have been slaughtered for wearing a brown tunic within striking range of their fellows. A Roman in red is also far likelier to get assistance in dire need than some nobody in non-descript colors.

In the Roman Handbook Costuming chapter are several pages with accurate depictions of Roman military uniforms. This is exactly the kind of authenticity we like to see reflected in each Roman's accessories. Remember that costuming is an essential prerequisite for military rank. An advantage Rome enjoys is the extraordinary wealth of documentation and reference material. Any local library will have literally volumes of information available to you. For civilian costuming, feel free to accessorize with the clothing of the many nationalities that composed the empire. However, I do consider it an expression of national pride to don Roman garb.

Warning: Unless you are a Patrician, Equestrian, or Legion Commander (see Nobles and Command Ranks) you should have NO PURPLE in your costume at all. There are few costume limitations we insist upon. If you are among the above three mentioned, you should have a purple stripe of the appropriate width running down your tunic or cape regardless of your costume style or character nationality. Another major restriction is that if you are not of Centurion rank or more, you may have NO BRASS in your armor aside from such fittings as hinges, rivets, and buckles. Military uniform and dress requirements will be enforced regardless of status.

One crucial element of the Roman costume is a toga. I would definitely like every Roman to have one. We have held toga parties and will again in the future. There may be Senate meetings or other occasions where you should wear one. A toga was the exclusive privilege of the Roman citizen.

For footwear, we highly recommend combat or hiking boots. They are not by definition "period", but they do carry martial associations and Rome did have similar models. Many combatants use engineer boots or high-top moccasins. These lack both the traction and ankle support to function adequately in combat. The same is true of sandals, unfortunately. Nice costume apparel, but dangerous in combat.

Rome will be happy to assist and advise you with all your costume and armor construction needs. You have only to ask.

SACRAMENTUM
(Our Roman Oath)

I swear by Jupiter Optimus Maximus and by any other god I may hold in my heart to be holy, and by the majesty of the Imperator and by the Senate of Rome, which next to our gods should be loved and worshipped by the human race. I, swear to perform with enthusiasm whatever the Imperator and my Legion commander should command, follow all laws set forth by the Senate of Rome, never to desert, and not to shrink from death on behalf of the Roman State.

BATTLE SCHEDVLES, ATTENDANCE, AND ACTIVE STATVS

Rome's officially scheduled campaigns are published and distributed months ahead of time. This schedule is available on the Roman website, and through periodicals such as the Commentaries. Official events include battles and even practices, of which there is typically one event per month. The Senate may also give certain events special recognition under Roman law, and these are typically the Wars.

Rome attends two major Wars every year. One is the SCA’s "Pennsic," held every August in Pennsylvania. The other is Dagorhir’s "Ragnarok," held every June in Ohio. All citizens will receive the necessary registration information for these wars through Roman periodicals.

Every day of battle in which Rome participates at a War counts separately towards each soldier’s annual attendance. That is, each soldier’s day of battle at a War will be tallied with his/her annual total as if that day were a single event. A “full” War is defined as at least five days of attendance at the event and taking the field with Rome for at least four of those days.

Attendance is vital to Rome's continued greatness, and is a responsibility we all accept. It is our responsibility to each other, to our respective commanders, and to Rome. Each Officer rank requires a minimum attendance every year, and regular attendance is a consideration for citizenship and promotions. At the end of every year, each Roman's attendance is tallied against Rome's annual total.

Every Roman is expected to try and maintain "active" status. To be considered active, our members must attend an event once monthly. Most active Romans attend all or nearly all the Roman battle events. Non-battle events do not count towards active status. A Senator must remain active to maintain their position on the Senatorial Rolls, and a Magistrate must remain active or relinquish their position. Likewise, a Legion Commander must keep his Legion active, or disband his Legion. Regular battle attendance is important to Rome's preeminence.

The lex Arthola Claudia states that refereeing may only count towards a citizen's active status once every six months.

The lex Valeria Suetonia states that Roman citizens residing in Tartarus Invictus are allowed to miss two battles per annum and still maintain active status. This does not apply to Magistrates in office.
 

WEAPONRY

Below are the weapon choices available:

Get used to this concept: the shield wall is everything. If you do not wish to be a shieldman, choose the other weapons that can most readily support the shield wall. Well placed spearmen and archers, with the wall's protection, can both fend off flanking attacks and decimate an attacking line's advance.

Rome takes a very pragmatic approach to warfare. We've been at it a long time and we like to win. There are no Romans even allowed to even use a two-handed sword. Why? Because that soldier has no defense and must expose himself physically to attack with his/her limited reach. The same is more true of those fantasy novel enthusiasts who dream romantically of fighting with two swords. They are easy pickings for spearmen and archers. Limited combat effectiveness among our people weakens the Legions as a whole. If you insist on weakening your group, please go fight with the rabble; we'll pick you off with javelins before we engage your shieldmen.

Does this sound harsh? A novice will get trounced without the teamwork we emphasize coupled with the most effective and high-tech weaponry available. If you get trounced, holes can be made in the shield wall that can spell death for your fellow Romans. In recruiting you, we accept this risk. But we insist that you weaken the group as little as possible.
 

CORDIALITY
Please be reminded that Rome's purpose lies in our ancient martial tradition of war! When Rome's Legions camp, it is a necessity brought about by our participation in a war. Everyone sharing space in Rome's camp is expected to contribute to the war effort, whether they are fighting or not. We recognize that your time is a vacation of sorts. But understand that anyone who is not helping the war effort is hindering it, and Rome's greatness is the culmination of our combined efforts on her behalf.

Since many of you will one day rise to a command position, this must be emphasized concerning the issuing of orders. When you are not in a battle situation, maintain cordiality with your fellow Romans. A good example is a campout. It is always better to say "Help me do this" than it is to just say "Do this". And say "Please". It's not usually in character. But while the game isn't real, the people are. We're all friends who are in this for fun, and dissension in the ranks is never good. However, in battle you should yell (or roar) your orders. And expect your leaders to roar orders at you. Battle commands are imperative and must be followed immediately. While mistakes can occur, cooperation on a group level reduces casualties and helps ensure decisive victories for Rome.

SALVTE
Before moving on to defining our structure, a mention must be made of our salute. Hailing your superiors is a prerequisite to all promotions. If you have no respect for higher ranks, you don't have the right to be among them. Always return a salute when it has been given to you. Among outsiders it will make us appear sharp and polished. The salute begins by placing your right (or weapon hand) fist to your breast. Then snap it forward and up at a roughly 70 degree angle, hand open and palm facing down. (This salute originated among the legions of Rome, not with the Nazis.) Say "Ave!" (Pronounced AH-Vay).

LEGIONS

Our tactical units are called “Legions.” Each Legion is composed of five Romans. Each Legion is commanded by a Tribune, Legate, Count or Duke. His second in command is called the "Primus Pilus." This office should be filled by either a Centurion or the highest ranking officer available. The remaining three are referred to generically as Legionaries. In a crack Legion, all three may be Centurions. However, for our purposes here they shall be termed Legionaries. It is the responsibility of these Legionaries to keep up with their Commander. It is the Primus Pilus' responsibility to see to it that the Legionaries do remain with their Commander. It is the Legion Commander's responsibility to see to it that the Legion's task or military objective is accomplished. Whether this consists of building a fort wall, scouting, guarding, or leading a complex feint (fake-out) against an enemy flank, it is the commander's responsibility to see that it is accomplished.

One word to the wise: DO NOT PLAY HERO. Teamwork and concerted effort win battles, not martyrdom. Nothing is more ludicrous than a single man charging his enemies' line. If your legion is decimated, get with another. A coordinated assault should always be successful. Obey orders from your commander. Commanders - NEVER run off on your own without orders or permission. A divided force is a weak force. Division is only good if you want to give an impression of weakness. So, Commanders, see to it that if the Imperator dies you keep Rome's forces together in a group rather than splitting into rabble. Keep that group in motion so that it is not surrounded or picked off.

CREATING A LEGION

A Senator or Centurion must first recruit four additional members to start their five-man Legion. This allows Romans the luxury of choosing their Legion commanders, and ensures they get to fight with their friends. It is the commander's responsibility to train their soldiers to be proficient with his/her weapon(s) of choice, equip and muster his Legion. A commander must train their Legion how to make weapons, garb, and armor. A commander must instruct their Legion in the basics of characterization. The Legion members are responsible for obeying their commander's orders and remaining by his or her side in battle

Romans do not play dirty with each other, so we’ve established a certain Legion building etiquette. For instance, it’s considered proper form to fill your position before requesting a transfer from a Legion. Moreover, if a Senator is recruiting his friends into an existing Legion, he or she should request permission from his commander immediately if he intends to branch off into a Legion of his own. Expansion is good; we don’t back-stab our countrymen. If you can recruit but feel too inexperienced for a command position, get with a Centurion and form a Legion under him. If you don't have the time or experience, you won't be effective. Make a deal with someone who does have the time and experience. Either command or be second-in-command of the Legion you have assembled. But if you do help someone else rise to command, don't bide your time until you feel inspired to displace them. Poor treatment of your commander dishonors Rome. If you are unhappy in a Legion, arrange (with your Commander's permission) for a transfer. You may be able to arrange a trade between Legions that will satisfy both Commanders. Lastly, Rome will NOT be a nice, comfortable place to assemble your own unit as a Legion before breaking off on your own. So make your decisions. This structure is designed to maintain Rome's strength and provide us a militaristic image to intimidate our opponents. Don't take advantage of it. That weakens Rome and incurs the displeasure of the Imperator.

If a Legion fails to keep at least four active members on its rosters for a period of eight consecutive weeks the Legion will lose its active status. The Legion number will be retired until the Legion commander can reform his Legion. The Legion commander retains full rights to his Legion number, and may give permission for another Legion commander to take up his old Legion number. Also, all honors and awards will remain with the Legion in question.

RANK STRUCTURE

The following pages outline our military structure and requirements of rank. There are several reasons behind our rank structure, beyond the fact that it maintains field discipline. The first and foremost is to acknowledge and reward Romans who contribute time and effort to attending battles, improving their capabilities, and expanding the unit through recruitment. Secondly, it ensures that those with the most experience and ability are in undisputed command when leaders fall.

AUXILIARY or ALAE Non-citizens. This term will refer generically to:

• Probatii - Probationary recruits petitioning for Roman citizenship.
• Those who owe allegiances or military obligations outside the Empire.
• Mercenaries who fight for Rome, if and when. (Rome's policy is usually "why bother with mercenaries?")
• All non-citizen teammates in general.

To join us temporarily as an Auxiliary, requires only our willingness to accept you on a temporary basis. This is generally dictated by the circumstances. For instance, if you are a well equipped, veteran fighter we will almost always accept you. But if you have little experience or equipment, and Rome is fielding several raw recruits, we would generally prefer you join the other side unless we require sheer numbers. A powerful veteran who lends Rome military assistance may be awarded the title of "Friend and Ally of the Roman People". This honor renders the veteran a right to fight with Rome at any time. It also enables them to assemble and command Auxiliary Legions.

Auxiliaries are protected under Roman Law, which they are expected to learn and follow.

Auxiliaries receive loaner armor only after true Roman citizens get first pick. While this appears inequitable, you enjoy the luxury of fighting with (rather than against) Rome. This means Rome reserves the right to make such decisions as which Legion you will be assigned to and where you will fight.

Only Probatii (auxiliaries petitioning for citizenship) and citizens count toward the active five soldiers required for a Legion complement. All Probatii must own and wear a red tunic. Though you fight for Rome, you will not receive awards or promotions. A Probati must fight as an auxiliary for at least six months and/or two full Wars before the Imperator offers citizenship. At this time the Probati is required to make a decision as to his/her permanent allegiance to Rome. If he/she elects not to join Rome, they may still fight with us (depending on the circumstances listed above), but will not get the choice again. Why? Rome wants dedicated soldiers who believe in her, not the typical hangers-on who drift between popular and powerful units.

Historically, the alae were composed of barbaric allies from subject states who were used to soften up enemy lines and slow charges. You should consider yourself fortunate to have Rome's support. An auxiliary owes us no long-term allegiance. The auxiliary's biggest advantage lies in not having to face Rome on the field of battle.

If/when citizenship is conferred upon a Probati, he or she will be assigned a rank according to their experience, ability and equipment. Recruits will generally be accorded the following rank until they have demonstrated dedication, loyalty, and ability:

LEGIONARY You are a Roman citizen! Welcome to the Legions! Into this category fall:

• Those who are new to combat and require both training and equipment.
• Those who do not attend more than five battles a year.
• The Legionary will be responsible for:
• Obeying his commander's orders.
• Remaining by his commander's side in battle.

His Commander, in return for service, must train the Legionary:

• To be proficient with his/her weapon(s) of choice.
• How to make weapons, garb, and armor.
• How to characterize at least sufficiently.

The Legionary was the original starting rank for any Roman citizen. This has changed for a number of reasons. No one gets enfranchised as a Roman citizen without spending a considerable time with us as a Probati. A Probati must prove him/herself worthy. By the time they have, they are usually a hardened veteran, because they've spent at least six months attending battles/practices every month and/or two Wars. Most Legionaries these days are actually worthy fighters, Roman veterans of many campaigns who no longer have time to fight on a regular basis. There's no shame in being a Legionary. There is always room for a Roman in the Legions, and we always welcome our old veterans participation, regardless of its frequency.

PROMOTIONS
If you feel that a promotion is overdue, speak with your commander. Occasionally, an individual may be overlooked, but this rarely occurs. You may be provided with suggestions or constructive criticism as to how to move up. Understand that we do want you to go up in rank. There is no such thing as top-heaviness in our rank structure. If our lowest ranking members are Centurions, we're invincible! No promotions will be based on favoritism or personal bias. All ranks and promotions will be handed out on a completely objective basis according to your performance and enthusiasm. Your length of service will of course be a consideration. Another serious consideration is how regularly you fight, and how often are you there for the important battles. 

OFFICER RANKS

OPTIO

• Must have learned to be a resourceful and self-sufficient fighter.
• Must have an established character identity and background.
• Must exhibit loyalty to the Imperator, Senate, and People of Rome.
• Must own their own weapons and costume.
• Must exhibit decent characterization on the field.
• Must attend at least 6 events per year.

DECURION

This level is basically a catch-all for those Optios who demonstrate excellence in one of the rank requirements, or who exhibit a gradual improvement in all of these characteristics. This rank also consists of those fighters who are completely worthy of Centurion rank, but are unable to attend the required number of events. A Decurion must attend at least one third of the events Rome attends per annum to maintain his/her rank.

CENTURION

• You are not merely a competent soldier; you are an absolute bad-ass.
• Behave in and promote believable characterization through actions and raiment.
• You understand and can apply fundamental strategic and tactical concepts.
• You must own and wear some kind of body armor (Lorica).
• You must attend more battles than not per annum.
• Own equipment and participate along with Rome’s Legions in all organizations where Rome participates

It helps to attend Markland and SCA events before truly being a fighter of awesome combat ability. If your armor and costuming requirements are up to par, you may feel that you are qualified for Centurion rank. If so, try fighting some our current Centurions. If you can manage to best a few of them two out of three in single combat, you are probably qualified.

Only Centurions and Commanders of higher rank (see below) are permitted to have any brass armor, with the exception of minor fittings, such as rivets, hinges and buckles, or minor ornamentation, such as lion's heads and trim. Any former Centurions who have held the rank of Centurion since April 2, 1995 are extended this privilege also.

SENIOR CENTURION

• You have been a Legion Commander in the past (see below)
• You qualify for Centurion rank, based on the criteria detailed above

This rank is essentially an honorific, earned by a Legion Commander whose Legion has gone inactive for whatever reason. Aside from Legion Commanders, a Senior Centurion is the highest ranking officer on the field. They should almost always be appointed the Primus Pilus (see Legions) of whichever Legion they serve in, due to their experience and ability.

LEGION COMMANDERS

In order to assume these exalted ranks, a Senator or Centurion must first recruit four additional members for their five-man squad. Each of these squads will be referred to as a Legion (which sounds far more glorious than "squad"). The commander's rank is a measure of his/her political status and combat ability, combined with the sheer power of his/her Legion. The commander is responsible for seeing to it that his Romans attend a bare minimum of 1 battle every 4 weekends just to maintain active status. A Legion is defined as five active citizens. Also, the commander must:

• Choose a name and number for your Legion (consult history books if authenticity is a concern).
• Create a Legion banner (Signum).
• Attend at least 20 medieval events annually.
• Own and wear torso armor.
• Submit Legion's attendance to Dominus or the Quaestor in writing at every battle for records.

Since no Roman begins as either a Senator or a Centurion, an Auxiliary who acquires citizenship and brings in four other citizens will have to form a Legion temporarily under a Senator or Centurion.

If a Legion fails to keep at least four active members on its rosters for a period of eight consecutive weeks the Legion will lose its active status. The Legion number will be retired until the Legion commander can reform his Legion. The Legion commander retains full rights to his Legion number, and may give permission for another Legion commander to take up his old Legion number. Also, all honors and awards will remain with the Legion in question.

MILITARY TRIBUNE
A Tribune is a Legion commander who is either of Centurion rank or Senatorial status (see Roman Nobility). Some Senatorial Tribunes should remember that a Centurion may have more field experience than themselves and should listen to the Centurions' advice. As a sign of rank, a Tribune must wear a red cape with purple borders as his regalia.

LEGATE or LEGATUS
A Legate must be both a Senator and a fighter of Centurion quality. A Legate is to be addressed as "Lord" or Legate on the battlefield. This is only a Roman rank, but it will be observed. He or she has earned the privilege. As a symbol of their rank, a Legate must wear white cape with purple borders.

COMES (Roman Count; pronounced "CO-mace")
This is a military rank of nobility. A Count of Rome is a Legate who has served as a Consul of Rome. As with a Legate, they will be referred to as Lord or by their title. A Comes must wear a white cape with a border of gold on purple.

DUX BELLORUM (War Duke)
The Dux Bellorum, or Roman War Duke, is a military appointment by the Imperator, as Rome's second-in-command. Typically this post will be held by Rome's senior Comes.

MILITARY AWARDS

There were a rather significant number of Roman military decorations. We do not currently have access to a forge, so large number of them will be impossible to reproduce with any accuracy. Therefore they are considerably difficult to obtain. For instance, the Corona Vallaris is awarded to the first Roman over a fort wall. This in itself is not difficult. Surviving is. Awards are not granted posthumously. Acts of extreme heroism and prowess will guarantee promotions in rank. Death is never final in medieval reenactment, but dead Romans get decent burials, not awards. Therefore awards are as much a measure of your luck as combat ability.

It is every Roman's duty to report any acts of valor to Dominus or their commander after a battle so that each Roman deserving an award is ensured his act was noticed and honored. (It is generally considered distasteful to report your own acts of valor.) Frequently a promotion will go hand in hand with award distribution. In good weather, we will hold Awards Ceremonies after the battle. In severe weather, we can schedule ceremonies in comfortable places at convenient times.

Phalerae
These silver disks with raised bas-relief circles are presented to soldiers who exhibit extreme valor and heroism in battle. Traditionally they were riveted on a harness, but you may opt to wear them on a kidney belt. Harnesses could have up to nine phalerae per side in rows of three across.

CORONAE, or Crowns. The term was generally confined to military decorations of the very highest honor. In descending order of importance, these crowns for various acts of bravery are as follows.

Corona Graminea, or Grass Crown
Made from the grass on the battlefield. Given for saving an entire Legion, or rarely, an entire army. This is the only award that may be conferred upon a soldier by the Legion or army in question.

Corona Civica, or State Crown
This crown of oak leaves was given for saving the life, or lives of your fellow soldiers and holding that ground for the rest of the battle.

Corona Aurea, or Gold Crown
Given for personally winning a battle.

Corona Vallaris, or Rampart Crown
Awarded to the first man over the walls of an enemy fort.

Corona Navalis, or Naval Crown
Awarded for outstanding valor during a sea battle.

Triumph:
The Triumphal Parade is awarded by the Senate to commanders who (with their Legion) are responsible for having won a decisive battle or campaign. With the possible exception of the Grass Crown, this was the highest of military honors. We could have a lot of fun with the parade. We should build ourselves a small two-wheeled chariot, to be pulled by the victorious Legion. The Triumphal Parade could either be a solemn observance, or the Legion could race through the woods with their "Triumphator" clinging to the chariot's rickety frame.

ROMAN NAMES

Romans had lots of names. These reflected on the number of families they were related to, an often staggering number of lofty ancestors, or titles and alterations awarded as honors by the state.

Traditionally a man's name would consist of one's personal name, the family (house) name, and finally the family branch’s name, were given in that order. Historic example: Gaius Julius Caesar. Gaius was his first name. His family was the Caesar branch of the Julian House. Frequently the father and son's names would alternate from one generation to the next for the firstborn. Women had only their family and house name in feminine form. Very frequently a woman's name was a man's made feminine by dropping the 'us' or 'ius' in favor of a 'ia' or an 'a'. Women did not adopt their husband's family name after marriage. They kept the feminine form of their father's name. Some examples are detailed at the bottom.

In the case of adoption, the adopted Roman changed his second and third names to that of his new family. His old family name was added to the end to reflect his lineage. A modification was added to reflect the adoption. The "...ius" suffix was replaced with "...anus". For instance: Octavius becomes Octavianus; Aurelius becomes Aurelianus.

Honors were bestowed in the form of alterations for great military achievements. Sometimes a name will be added for a successful campaign. For instance, in subduing the Carthaginians under Hannibal, Scipio was awarded the name/title of "Africanus". The Emperor Claudius' brother was given the title of "Germanicus" for his glorious German campaign. So if your legion manages to route and destroy the whole Gwynedd unit some lucky day, you'll be given the title "Gwyneddicus" to add to the end of your name. Please do not begin your persona with these alterations. They will be awarded for outstanding and successful acts of valor for which you will all have an opportunity.

Although we have many diverse nationalities represented in our ranks, some of whom have pre-established personas from their existing medievalist careers, I encourage you to take on a Roman surname, if not a "battle name". Once you start or join a noble Household, you will adopt a surname to go with your existing name, and we'll do our best to refer to you that way as often as possible. This helps promote unit identity, and helps outsiders to readily identify you as a citizen of the Empire. Below are some Roman personal names that you may feel free to choose from. For the sake of diction, please remember that accents tend to fall on the second syllable, and all C's are hard (i.e., pronounced like cat, not center) and all G's are hard (sounds like get, not general).

• Wikipedia: Roman Naming Convention

• Resource Sites: A list of EVERY historical Roman Consul 

• Legion XXVI's awesome Roman Names page

• SCA's Naming Practices of Regal and Republican Rome!

• See Appendix II -- Sample List of Roman Names
   

SOCIAL STATVS

Roman society was based on a variety of social levels. These levels tended to overlap and lose definition as Roman culture evolved from the Age of Kings through the Republican Period. Our structure loosely reflects the social hierarchy of the Late Republic through Early Imperial periods. You may ask, "We are essentially a fighting group - what is the value of social status?" There are several answers. First: it is a legitimate way to acknowledge, recognize, and reward those citizens who have dedicated time and effort towards building Rome into the great nation we have become. Secondly: Rome is the fantasy most of us enjoy living (if you don't, why be a Roman?). By emulating Roman cultural standards we can realize our fantasies at a number of levels; we can't be the Senate and People of Rome if we don't have a Senate. Thirdly: it gives new citizens goals to achieve. In ancient Rome, it was possible for even a mere freedman of great energy and merit to rise high above his common status. Fourthly, and last: this structure ensures that Rome's hard-core members who have proven their worth and dedication (i.e., The Senators) direct how and where the Empire is going.

Almost all Romans fell into the class known as the Plebeians. Since all new members (with very few exceptions) will begin here, so shall this explanation of Roman social structure.

PLEBEIANS

A Plebeian is the standard Roman citizen. This will be the starting social status for almost every citizen of Rome. There may be occasional exceptions for veterans, but almost every new recruit will be a Plebeian. You are the foundation of Rome, the basis of the entire unit. You are the people in the expression "Senate and People of Rome". You are not a lowly peasant. You are a citizen of Rome, and you must never bend a knee in supplication to either lords or gods.

You are encouraged to seek out a Noble Household and offer your services as a "Client" in exchange for their "Patronage". The mutual obligations between patron and client may differ somewhat from House to House. For the most part these obligations consist merely of looking after one another's interests. The patron represents his/her clients' interests in the Senate and helps them progress up Rome's social ladder. In return the Patron should expect his/her Clients to support specific candidates in the elections and keep an ear to the ground on their behalf. It is possible to be a client of a patron who is a client of his own patron. In this case, your patron's patron would also be your patron.

A non-Senatorial Plebeian may increase their social status to Equestrian in any of three ways:

• Seek election as Tribune of the Plebs (see Roman Officials)

• Adoption (see Roman Family) into a Household. Adoption does not automatically provide the adopted Roman a seat in the Senate. The adopted Equestrian or Patrician must still become a Senator through political office

• Achieving any three of the highest military awards (see awards), the Coronae Graminea, Civica, or Aurea

Plebeians enjoy Senate representation through the Tribune of the Plebs. While the Tribune may not vote, he/she has considerable power. The Plebeian Tribune's abilities are detailed under Roman Politics and Officials.

NOBLES

 “It is indeed a desirable thing to be well-descended, but the glory belongs to our ancestors.”

- Plutarch (46-120AD), Greek essayist, biographer. Moralia, "On the Training of Children" (c. 100 A.D.).

The following two classes compose the actual Roman Nobility. They are the Equestrian Order and the Patrician class. They are essentially equal. The primary difference is that the Patrician Houses are older and date back to Roman antiquity. The Equestrian Order is newer, Plebeian Noble Houses. If you reach Senatorial status independently of an existing House, your surname becomes the name of your noble Household, and you are encouraged to find clients. Generally your Household and clients will compose your Legion. Both Patrician and Equestrian Houses retain their noble status regardless of whether a member of the family maintains a seat in the Senate.

EQVESTRIANS

The Equestrian Order is the Plebeian nobility. These are Plebeians who have ennobled themselves by entering the Senate. Also referred to as the Equites, or Knights; in Roman antiquity, these were the wealthy, landed Plebeian merchant class granted a "Public Horse" by the State so they could act as the Republic's cavalry. Anyone below this Equestrian status should not have any purple in their costume at all. Purple was reserved for the nobility. Equestrians wore a slim (one inch width) purple stripe (clavus) down the right of their tunics (front and back) to signify their noble status. Optionally, Equestrians may wear a plain gold ring, which was another historical requisite of their rank. By the time you reach the status of Equestrian, if not before, you should have a toga for formal occasions.

PATRICIANS

The Patrician Class is Rome's elite aristocracy, the powerful Founding Families of Rome. For centuries Patricians governed Rome exclusively. To be a Patrician is to view the Senate (indeed, the Consulship) as your birthright. Your bloodline can be traced to the Senate of Romulus himself, and is steeped in honors, culture, and tradition. Your ancestors have held high office, commanded great armies, and installed the known world beneath the Roman boot. In reality, the Patrician Class is Rome's old guard, a particular distinction for those who originally helped build Rome into the great empire of which you are a part. The title is just a formal acknowledgement of their tenure in Rome. Patricians should sew a broad purple stripe (at least two inches wide) down the right side of their tunics to signify their rank. Historically, Patricians also wore an iron ring, and shoes of red leather.

The current Patrician families are as follows: House Arthol, House Gracchus, House Deloricus, House Ickorus, House Septimus, House Tempest, House Valerius, House Vrykolacus, and House Xirinius. Any member whose tenure with Rome predates July 2nd, 1995 may establish a Patrician House upon their entrance into the Senate provided they are not already a member of an existing House.

Do not feel intimidated or threatened to approach any of the nobility. This is only a game, your association with us is entirely voluntary, and we all want you to enjoy yourselves to the utmost. If you are not having fun, tell us how we can help. But Rome is growing fast! Organization enhances our own enjoyment and sets us apart from the usual mobs that comprise other units. As a free citizen of Rome, you must never grovel before your nobility, but you should be respectful towards those of higher noble rank. After all, your votes help decide who is elevated to these lofty ranks.

A final note on Roman Nobility. We've seen a lot of groups where younger or new members are regularly mistreated, ordered around, and generally treated as servants. This is not the intent behind our social hierarchy, nor will it be abused in this manner. If you feel mistreated within Rome, tell someone in the unit about your problem. We'll do our best to set things right.

ROMAN FAMILY

The concept of family was a vital mainstay in Roman culture, although more complex than we are used to. Adoption was quite common, making the new family member just as much a part of the family as any blood relative. Also, servants and slaves who served a family for generations became thought of as just as much a part of the family as anyone else. Further, children never moved out. They would remain with their spouses and children in the parents' ancestral House. Detailed below are methods of expanding families and Houses within the scope of the game:

ADOPTION

Our characters may become interrelated after character creation. Example: if the Patrician Amroth Valerius Baculus were to have a client he was particularly fond of, he might offer them adoption into his family, the House Valerius. Henceforth, that individual would have the surname Valerius added to their current name, and be given the Patrician status of the House Valerius.

JOINING A HOUSE UPON CHARACTER CREATION

New recruits may select to base their characters on already existing Noble houses. Example: Aristodemus, chose (with permission) to establish his persona as the brother of his real life brother, Tobias Deloricus Desponius. This endowed him with the Patrician status of House Deloricus.

Of course, if you do base your character on someone else or their family without permission, you are illegitimate and not heir to the status their family holds. This really is not acceptable and they might kill you (repeatedly) to avoid the embarrassment.

MARRIAGE

While Patricians typically did not marry below their station, anything is possible. If a couple within the group (who are of different social status) elect to "marry" their personas, the individual of lower status will move up to the social status of the other, as will their blood relatives. If both families in question are of already noble stock, the marriage usually constitutes only an alliance between their respective Houses.

LIMITATIONS

A Patrician or Equestrian who achieved their Senatorial status by election to public office has the right to start a new House. By joining a pre-existing Patrician or Equestrian House through adoption, character conception, or marriage, the new Patrician rescinds this right to start a new Patrician or Equestrian Household. 

Further, membership in a Patrician or Equestrian House does not automatically confer the rank of Senator on the individual. He or she must still achieve Senatorial status through election as a Tribune of the Plebs, Quaestor, or Aedile. The advantages are that a Plebeian can skip some steps to move up in Roman social status. As a noble, he/she may achieve Senatorial status by election to Quaestor or Aedile rather than being limited solely to election as Tribune of the Plebs. Of course, a Patrician may only become a Senator by election as Quaestor or Aedile.

A unit, or nation, is only an idea that everyone agrees to. Like it or not, all groups have their politics. Ancient Rome was the rule rather than the exception. On this subject, there are a few things to say. We believe that Empires should be built to last. This political structure ensures that our glorious nation represents the views of its citizens. Rome has NO time for dirty little games that prove detrimental to us as a group. Our elections and Senate shall serve as the only forum for our politics. On the battlefield, there is never time for voting.

THE SENATE

The Senate is Rome's governing body, composed of those Romans who have distinguished themselves politically by serving as elected officials. The Senate's duty is to ensure that Rome thrives in all her non-military aspects, and to act as Rome's administrative body. Rome's Senate controls the Treasury, votes on new legislation, and establishes policy. This structure helps assure that Rome is governed by the general consensus of her responsible membership. 

The Roman Empire has already been misconstrued as a democracy. Rome is NOT a democracy. Only the Senators vote. A non-Senator gets no vote on the Senate beyond the Tribune's powers or that which his/her patron may lobby for on their behalf. If a label must be applied to Rome, we are a Republican Oligarchic Fascist Dictatorship. After all, we are the Roman Empire. Our system has worked exceedingly well for years.

The lex Cornelia states that a Senator who becomes inactive (i.e., does not participate in scheduled Roman events for four weekends) twice in a given six month period forfeits their Senatorial status and must go through regular procedures to reinstate themselves. An inactive Roman is unfamiliar with current internal and external conditions, and he or she should not be voting blindly on Roman policy. This rule ensures that Rome is protected from ignorant or uninformed Senators.

The lex Xirinia Arthola further states that any Roman elevated to the Senate by election must fulfill the duties of their office during their term or forfeit their Senatorial status.

SENATE MEETINGS

Rome's senior Magistrates, the Consuls, will call for meetings of the Senate. A Senatorial Quorum shall be defined as such: one Consul, the Praetor, the Imperator, and two Senators (other than the Magistrates already listed) must be present. The Tribune of the Plebs need not be present. However, all proposed legislation must still be ratified by the Tribune of the Plebs. All proposed legislation must be put in writing prior to a division. At the discretion of the Consuls, there will be meetings where all Romans may attend. However, when the "Senate is in Session", be it in a back room, a tent or around a side campfire, citizens are expected NOT to interrupt their discussions and must try to ensure that the Senate is not bothered by outsiders or trivial questions. Your cooperation in this matter will be greatly appreciated.

ORDER IN THE HOVSE

The Senate is presided over by the Consuls. At the beginning of the meeting, auspices should be held by the Pontifex Maximus or the ranking Augur (see Roman Religious Colleges) to determine the approval of the gods. The Consuls may then call the meeting to order. The Consuls shall introduce each topic. Only the Tribune of the Plebs may interrupt the Consuls (with a Veto). The proper order for the Consuls to call on other speakers is as follows: the Imperator, the Praetor, the Aedile, the Quaestor, followed by consulars and other members of the Senate in order of their abundance of military awards. This is the appropriate progression. Non-Senators may be called upon to speak in open sessions, but have no actual right to speak. Of course, the Consuls may opt not to allow anyone to speak on a given topic: they operate the Senate and that is their right. A Consul, for instance, may propose a law and call for an immediate division of the Senate. ONLY Senators may vote on an issue, even in an open session. NO foreign kings may attend a Senate meeting (even as an ambassadorial representative), according to ancient tradition. Only a king's ambassador may appear before the Senate. Kings were only allowed inside Rome when chained to the back of a triumphing general's chariot. This completes our political structure. Roman politics have their place in the elections and Senate.

ROMAN OFFICIALS & MAGISTRATES
 

The Roman Republic had a magnificent constitution with its own checks and balances. This structure permits Plebeians to move up the social ladder according to their ability and standing. The Political Hierarchy is a forum (no pun intended) for Roman administration through both the Senate and the Plebeian Assembly. The Consuls run the Senate which represents the Noble Houses. The Tribune of the Plebs represents Plebeian and Equestrian interests in the Senate and is capable of Vetoing Senate legislation. This format provides for a great deal of pomp and circumstance while ensuring that the wants, needs, and expectations of each Roman citizen are at least recognized.

TRIBVNE OF THE PLEBS

• This appointment is ONLY open to Plebeians and Equestrians
• Only Plebeians and Equestrians may vote in the Tribune's election
• The Tribune is the only Plebeian allowed to sit in on ALL Senate meetings as the People's representative
• The Tribune is empowered with the VETO, allowing him/her to reject literally any Senate legislation or function
• Following the six-month term, the Tribune automatically becomes a member of the Senate and Equestrian Order (if not already)

QVAESTOR

• This appointment is only open to Equestrians and Patricians. Because of the fiscal nature of this appointment, the candidate must be gainfully employed and at least eighteen years of age, unless unanimously approved by the Senate
• The Quaestor acts as a Treasurer for Rome, and is accountable to the Senate for any funds collected
• The Quaestor serves as procurer, and shall oversee any purchases made collectively by Rome. This includes any funding granted to the Aedile for their event
• The Quaestor shall maintain a list of the Roman combatants at every event
• The Quaestor is immediately elevated to the Senate (if he/she is not already a Senator)

AEDILE

• This appointment is only open to Equestrians and Patricians
• The Aedile must sponsor and preside over two events in Rome's name, i.e., battle, games, races, feast, quest, or a sacred hunt. One of the two events shall be exclusively Roman. This is an important responsibility, as Rome relies on its Aedile for recognition and public relations.
• Aedile candidates must present their ideas for events when announcing their candidacy. This event must be pre-approved by the Consuls and Tribune of the Plebs. The Consuls and Tribune may disapprove an event, not a candidate, for this reason (lex Valeria Junia) 
• The ballot for Aedile must include a brief description of the event they wish to hold (lex Valeria Junia) 
• The Aedile is immediately elevated to the Senate (if he/she is not already a Senator)

PRAETOR

• This appointment is only open to Senators
• The Praetor is responsible to the Senate and People to ensure that ALL Rome's laws are obeyed under the terms detailed in the lex Romana
• The Praetor shall act as judge in disputes involving Romans, whether internal or external
• The Praetor will serve as a Consul suffectus if a Consul is unable to keep participating

CONSVLS

• These appointments are only open to Senators who have been Praetor or Consul.
• There will always be two Consuls
• The Consuls are responsible for calling and presiding over all meetings of the Senate
• The Consuls will be responsible for publishing the first Roman newsletter after entering office
• Only the Consuls may introduce new Roman laws (The Imperator may introduce only martial laws)
• Only the Consuls may call for a division of the Senate (a vote)
• Only the Consuls may call for elections
• No Consul may be removed from office before the end of his/her term
• All proposed legislation must be put into writing prior to a division of the Senate
• After their term, a Consul secures the title and status of "Consular," allowing them two Senatorial votes (this is not accumulative)

IMPERATOR
This is not an elected position. I, Dominus, reserve this title for myself, along with the endowment of dictatorial powers and imperium. I am Rome's founder and have been a unit commander since 1982. I am both qualified and worthy. In accordance with the Augustan constitution I shall act with the advice of the Senate. My authority and responsibilities are as follows: 
 

Command armies in the field Approve Seconds-in-Command (i.e., Legion Commanders) Distribution of military promotions and awards Distribution and revocations of citizenship Determine punishments when the Senate's laws are violated Submit martial laws to the Senate for ratification Call for a "State of Emergency" (in times of threat against Rome)